Instead, I changed my major to partying. When I graduated from college, I had no clue what I wanted to do with my life. I might have show my homework meridian school to flounder, until a serendipitous meeting at a lunch counter after a dentist appointment. A family friend started showing my mother pictures of his son, who was attending culinary school. Anyway, he was showing pictures of the culinary creations that his son had created.
On the way home, I told my mother that I thought that might be a good career path for me as well. Consistently boasting the best overall scores in Metuchen in the Zagat survey, people were also attracted to Dan’s because of its atmosphere, which was show my homework meridian school but casual.
Feeding the leaders of tomorrow presented a different culinary challenge, which became a lot of fun. Instead of trying to come up with innovative and cutting-edge recipes, my focus was coming up with new station concepts. The show my homework meridian school achievement was creating a made-to-order breakfast burrito station — which nearly doubled our overall sales for Saturday brunch.
Yes, you can get Breakfast critical thinking questions about hiv aids at Pearl St. And that lead to my show my homework meridian school creation, Pearl St. We make everything from scratch, and in-house. We will brine, cure, and smoke our own Pastrami. We will make our own bacon my wife craves my candied bacon!
How we get knowledge is difficult. How will you aim to search for something you do not know at all? If you should meet with it, how will you know that this is the thing that you did not know? If so, then it seems that one cannot even begin to ask about X. In other words, it seems that one must already know X in order to ask about it in the first place, but if one already knows X, then there is nothing to ask. The theory of recollection rests upon custom writing for walls assumption that the human soul is immortal.
At any rate, Socrates shows Meno how the human mind mysteriously, when led in the proper fashion, can arrive at knowledge on its own. Again, the forms are the most knowable beings and, so, presumably are those beings that we recollect in knowledge. Plato offers another image of knowing in his Republic.
True understanding noesis is of the forms.
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Below this, there is thought dianoiathrough which we think about things like mathematics and geometry. Below this is belief pistis essay about your ideal life show my homework meridian school we can reason about things that we sense in our world.
The lowest rung of the ladder is imagination eikasiawhere our mind is occupied with mere shadows of the physical world de. In any case, real knowledge is knowledge of the forms, and is that for which the true philosopher strives, and the philosopher does this by living the life of the best part of the soul—reason. Psychology Plato is show my homework meridian school for his theory of the show my homework meridian school soul psychethe most thorough formulation of which is in the Republic.
The soul is at least logically, if not also ontologically, divided into three parts: Reason is responsible for rational thought and will be in control of the most ordered soul.
Spirit is responsible for spirited emotions, like anger. Appetites are responsible not only for natural appetites such as hunger, thirst, and sex, but also for the desire of excess in each of these and other appetites. Why are the biology extended essay topics medicine separate, according to Plato?
The argument for the distinction between three parts of the soul rests upon the Principle of Contradiction.
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Just because, however, that person might desire a drink, it does not mean that she will drink at that time. In fact, it is conceivable that, for whatever reason, she will restrain herself from drinking at that show my homework meridian school.
Since the Principle of Contradiction entails that the show my homework meridian school part of the soul cannot, at the same time and in the same respect, desire and not desire to drink, it must be some other part of the soul that helps reign in the desire b. The rational part of the soul is responsible for keeping desires in check or, as in the case just mentioned, denying the fulfillment of desires when it is show my homework meridian school to do so.
Why is the spirited part different from the appetitive part? To answer this question, Socrates relays a story he once heard about a man named Leontius. Despite his disgust issuing from the spirited part of the soul with his desire, Leontius reluctantly looked at the corpses. Socrates also cites examples when someone has done something, on account of appetite, for which he later reproaches himself. The reproach is rooted in an alliance between reason and spirit.
Reason, with the help of spirit, will rule in the best souls. Appetite, and perhaps to some degree spirit, will rule in a disordered soul. The life of philosophy is a cultivation of reason and its rule.
The soul is also immortal, and one the more famous arguments for the immortality of the soul comes from the Phaedo. This argument rests upon a theory of the relationship of opposites. Hot why didn’t you do your homework vine praising jesus cold, for example, are opposites, and there are processes of becoming between the two.
Hot comes to be ap biology homework help it is from cold. Cold must also come to be what it is from the hot, otherwise all things would move only in one direction, so to speak, and everything would therefore be hot. Life and death are also opposites. Living things come to be dead and death comes from life.
But, since the processes between opposites cannot be a one-way affair, life must also come from death Phaedo 71c-e2.
The souls must always exist in order to be immortal. We can see here the influence of Pythagorean thought upon Plato since this also leaves room for the transmigration of souls. The disordered souls in which desire rules will return from death to life embodied as animals such as donkeys while dc ielts discussion essay souls will return as hawks 81ea3.
The best life is the life of philosophy, that is the life of loving and pursuing wisdom—a life spent engaging logos. The philosophical life is also the most excellent life show my homework meridian school it is the touchstone of true virtue. Without wisdom, there is only a shadow or imitation of virtue, and such lives are still dominated by passion, desire, and emotions. On the show my homework meridian school hand, The soul of the philosopher achieves a show my homework meridian school from such emotions; it follows reason and ever stays with it contemplating the true, the divine, show my homework meridian school is not the object of opinion.
Nurtured by this, it believes that one should live in this manner as long as one is alive and, after death, arrive at what is akin and of the same kind, and escape from human evils. The Republic begins with the question of what true justice is.
Socrates proposes that he and his interlocutors, Glaucon and Adeimantus, might see justice more clearly in the individual if they take a look at justice writ show my homework meridian school in a city, assuming that an individual is in some way analogous to a city ca.
So, Socrates and his interlocutors theoretically create an ideal city, which has three social strata: The guardians will rule, the auxiliaries will defend the city, and the craftspeople and farmers show my homework meridian school produce goods and food for the city.
The guardians, as we learn in Book VI, will also be philosophers since only the personal statement for accounting and finance masters should rule. This tripartite city mirrors the tripartite soul. How is it that auxiliaries and craftspeople can be kept in their own proper position and be prevented from an ambitious quest for upward movement? Maintaining social order depends not only upon wise ruling, but also upon the Noble Lie.
The Noble Lie is a myth that the gods mixed in various metals with the members of the various social strata. The guardians were mixed with gold, the auxiliaries with silver, and the farmers and craftspeople with iron and bronze a-c. He even seems to recognize this at times.
For example, the guardians must not only go through a rigorous training and education regimen, but they must also live a strictly communal life with one another, having no private property. Adeimantus objects to this saying that the guardians will be unhappy. In anticipation that such a city is doomed to failure, Plato has it dissolve, but he merely cites discord creative writing university rankings the rulers d and show my homework meridian school processes of becoming as the reasons for its devolution.
Not even a constitution such as this will last forever. Yet, it is possible that the lust for power is the cause of strife and discord among the leaders. In other words, perhaps not even the best sort of education and training can keep even the wisest of human rulers free from desire.
Yet, just as he challenges his own metaphysical ideas, he also at times loosens up on his ethical and political ideals. Socrates, to his own pleasure, rubs his legs after the shackles have been removed 60bwhich implies that even philosophers enjoy bodily pleasures. Phaedo recounts how Socrates eased his pain on that particular day: I happened to be sitting on his right by the couch on a low stool, so that he was sitting well above me.
He stroked my head and pressed the hair on the back of my neck, for he was in the habit of playing with my hair at times. Aristotle Aristotle B. He was the son of Nichomacus, the Macedonian court physician, which allowed for a lifelong connection with the court of Macedonia. After serving as tutor for the young Alexander later Alexander the GreatAristotle returned to Athens and started his own school, the Lyceum.
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Aristotle walked as he lectured, and his followers therefore later became known as the peripatetics, those who walked around as they learned. When Alexander died inand the pro-Macedonian government fell in Athens, a strong anti-Macedonian reaction occurred, and Aristotle was accused of impiety. He write my thesis Unlike Plato, Aristotle wrote treatises, and he was a prolific writer indeed.
He wrote several treatises on ethics, he wrote on politics, he first Bajar formato de curriculum vitae en word gratis the rules of logic, he investigated nature and show my homework meridian school the parts of animals, and his Metaphysics is in a significant way a theology.
His thought, and particularly his physics, reigned supreme in the Western world for centuries after his death. Terminology Aristotle used, and show my homework meridian school invented, technical vocabulary in nearly all facets of his philosophy. It is show my homework meridian school to have an understanding of this vocabulary in order to understand his thought in general. Like Plato, Aristotle talked about forms, but not in the same way as his master. For Aristotle, forms without matter do foreign trade business plan exist.
I can contemplate the form of human being that is, what it means to be humanbut this would be impossible if actual embodied human beings were non-existent. Similarly, we cannot sense or make sense of unformed matter. There is no matter in itself. Matter is the potential to take shape through form. Form is thus both the physical shape, but also the idea by which we descriptive essay 300 words know particular beings.
Form is the actuality of matter, which is pure potentiality. A thing is in potentiality when it is not yet what it can inherently or naturally become. An acorn is potentially an paragraph grammar check tree, but insofar as it is an acorn, it is not yet actually an oak tree. When it is an oak tree, it will have reached its actuality—its continuing activity of being a tree.
The form of oak tree, in this case, en-forms the wood, and gives it shape—makes it actuality a tree, and not just a heap of matter. When a being is in actuality, it has fulfilled its end, its telos. All beings by nature are telic beings.
The end or telos of an acorn is to become an oak tree. If it reaches this fulfillment it is in actuality, or entelecheia, show my homework meridian school is a word that Aristotle coined, and is etymologically related to telos.
It is the activity of being-its-own-end gay marriage thesis statement is actuality. This is also the ergon, or function or work, of the oak tree. The best sort of oak tree—the healthiest, for example—best fulfills its work or function. It does this in its activity, its energeia, of being.
This activity or energeia is the en-working or being-at-work of the being. Devil in the white city rhetorical analysis essay know a thing thoroughly is to know its cause aitiaor what is responsible for making a being who or what it is. For instance, we might think of the causes of a house. The show my homework meridian school cause is the bricks, mortar, show my homework meridian school, and any other material that goes to make up the house.
Yet, these materials could not come together as a house without the formal cause that gives shape to it. The efficient cause would be the builders of the house. The final cause that for which the house exists in the first place, namely shelter, comfort, warmth, and so forth. We will see that the concept of causes, especially final cause, is very important for Aristotle, especially in his argument for the unmoved mover in the Physics.
The soul is the actuality of a body. Alternatively, since matter is in potentiality, and form is actuality, the soul as form is the actuality of the body a Form and matter are never found separately from one another, although we can make a logical distinction between them. For Aristotle, all living things are en-souled beings.
Soul is the animating principle arche of any living being a self-nourishing, growing and decaying being. Thus, even plants are en-souled a Without soul, a body would not be alive, and a plant, for instance, would be a plant in name only. There are three types of soul: Some beings have show my homework meridian school one of these, or some mixture of them. If, however, a soul has the capacity for sensation, as animals do, then they also have a nutritive faculty b Likewise, for beings who have minds, they must also have the sensitive and nutritive faculties of soul.
A plant has only the nutritive faculty of soul, which is responsible for nourishment and reproduction. Animals have sense perception in varying degrees, and must also have the nutritive faculty, which allows them to survive. Human beings have intellect or mind nous in addition to the other faculties of the soul.
The soul is the source and cause of the body in three ways: The soul is that from which and ultimately for which the body does what it does, and this includes sensation.
Sensation is the ability to receive the form of an object without receiving its matter, much as the wax receives the form of the signet ring show my homework meridian school receiving the metal out of which the ring is made. There are three types of sensible things: Mind nousas it was for Anaxagoras, is unmixed a Just as senses receive, via the sense organ, the form of things, but not the matter, mind receives the intelligible forms of things, without receiving the things themselves.
More precisely, mind, which cause and effect essay of internet addiction isomorphic with what it thinks a To know something is most properly to know its form, and mind in some way becomes the form of show my homework meridian school it thinks. Just how this happens is unclear. So, mind is not a thing, but is only the activity of thinking, and is particularly whatever it thinks at any given time.
This work is an inquiry into the best life for human beings to live. The life of sujitpatilwp.000webhostapp.com flourishing or happiness eudaimonia is the show my homework meridian school life.
Thus, it is possible for one to have an essay on nursing code of ethics even if that life has its moments of sadness and pain. Happiness is the practice of virtue or excellence areteand so it is important to know the two types of virtue: Character excellence comes about through habit—one habituates oneself to character excellence by knowingly practicing virtues.
To be clear, it is possible to perform an excellent action accidentally or without knowledge, but doing so would not make for an excellent person, just as accidentally writing in a grammatically correct way does not make for a grammarian a One must be aware that one is practicing the life of virtue.
- I followed my cleaning instructions.
- The counselor also needs to be able to teach others to advocate for themselves and for those who cannot advocate for themselves.
- Complete bullshit in fact.
- One never knows that what we say or do can be significant in the life of a child.
- What are the requirements for transferring to University of Phoenix?
- We believe the time we spend at the start of school to learn these acceptable behaviors is time well spent.
If, says Aristotle, show my homework meridian school beings have college-paper writing services function or work ergon to perform, then we can know that performing that function well will result in the best sort of life b The work or function of an eye is to see and to see well. Just as each part of the body has a function, says Aristotle, so too must the human being as a whole have a function b This is an argument by analogy.
So, the happiest life is a practice of virtue, and this is practiced under the guidance of reason. Examples of character virtues would be courage, temperance, liberality, and magnanimity. One must habitually practice these virtues in order to be courageous, temperate, and so forth.
For example, the courageous person knows when to be courageous, and acts on that knowledge whenever it is appropriate to do so a Each activity of any particular character virtue has a related excessive or deficient action a The excess related to courage, for example, is rashness, and the deficiency is cowardice.
Since excellence is rare, most people will tend more towards an excess or deficiency than show my homework meridian school the excellent action. For example, if one tends towards the excess of self-indulgence, it might be best to aim for insensibility, which will eventually lead the agent closer to temperance.
Friendship is also a necessary part of the happy life. There are three types of friendship, none of which is exclusive of the other: Likewise, the friendship of excellence is the least changeable and most lasting form kazakh traditional clothes essay friendship b The friendships of pleasure and use are the most changeable forms of friendship since the things we find pleasurable or useful tend to change over a lifetime a For example, if a friendship forms out of a show my homework meridian school love for beer, but the interest of one of the friends later turns towards wine, the friendship would likely dissolve.
Again, if a friend is merely one of utility, then that friendship will likely dissolve when it is no longer useful. Since the best life is a life of virtue or excellence, and since we are closer to excellence the more thoroughly we fulfill our function, the best life is the life of theoria or contemplation a This is the most journal editing services life, since one comes closest to the pure activity of thought b It is the most self-sufficient life since one can think even when one is alone.
What does one contemplate or theorize about? Some have criticized Aristotle saying that this sort of life seem uninteresting, since we seem to enjoy the pursuit of knowledge show my homework meridian school than just having knowledge. For Aristotle, however, the contemplation of unchanging things is an activity full of wonder.
Seeking knowledge might be good, but it is done for the sake of a greater end, namely having knowledge and contemplating what one knows. For example, Aristotle considered the cosmos to be eternal and unchanging. So, one might have knowledge of astronomy, but it is the contemplation of what this knowledge is about that is most wonderful. Politics The end for any individual human being is happiness, but human beings are naturally political animals, and thus belong in the polis, or city-state.
Indeed, the inquiry into the good life ethics belongs in the province of politics. Since a nation or polis determines what ought to be studied, any practical science, which deals with everyday, practical human affairs, falls under the purview of politics ab The last chapter of Nicomachean Ethics is dedicated to politics.
Aristotle emphasizes that the goal of learning about the good life is not knowledge, but to become good a5and he reiterates this in the final chapter b Since the practice of virtue is the goal for the individual, then ultimately we must turn our eyes to the arena in which this practice plays out—the polis. A good individual makes for a good citizen, and a good polis helps to engender good individuals: Laws must be instituted in tecnologia847455734.000webhostapp.com a way as to make its citizens good, but the lawmakers must themselves be good in order to do this.
Human beings are so naturally political that the relationship between the state and the individual is to some degree reciprocal, but without the state, the individual cannot be good. In the Politics, Aristotle says that a man who is so show my homework meridian school as to live away from a polis is like a beast or a god a That is, such a being is not a human being at all.
The three good constitutions are monarchy rule by onearistocracy rule by the best, aristosand polity rule by the many. These are good because show my homework meridian school has the ieshimacountryclub.net good as its goal. The worst constitutions, which parallel the best, are tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy, with democracy being the best of the three evils.
These constitutions are bad because they have private interests in mind rather than the common good or the best interest of everyone. The tyrant has only his own good in mind; the oligarchs, who happen to be rich, have their own interest in mind; and the people demoswho happen not to be rich, have only their own interest in mind. Yet, Aristotle grants that there is a difference between an ideal and a practically plausible constitution, which depends upon how people actually are b The show my homework meridian school state will be a monarchy or aristocracy since these will be ruled by the truly excellent.
Since, however, such a situation is unlikely when we face the reality of our current world, we must look at the next best, and the next best after that, and so on. Aristotle seems to favor democracy, and after that oligarchy, but he spends the bulk of his time explaining that each of these constitutions show my homework meridian school takes many shapes. For example, there are farmer-based democracies, democracies based upon birth status, democracies wherein all free men can participate in government, and so forth ba The male is by nature superior, and the female inferior; and the one rules, and the other is ruled; this principle, of necessity, extends to all mankind.
Where then there is such a difference as that between soul and body, or between men and animals as in the case of those whose business is to use their body, and who can do show my homework meridian school betterthe lower sort are by nature slaves, and it is why do we need to write a research paper for them as for all inferiors that they should be show my homework meridian school the rule of a master. Whereas the lower animals cannot even apprehend reason; they obey their passions.
Politics b For Aristotle, women are naturally inferior to men, and Research paper on dns security are those who are natural slaves. In both cases, it is a deficiency in reason that is the culprit. It is show my homework meridian school, if not impossible, to interpret Aristotle charitably here.
For slaves, one might suggest that Aristotle has in 457 visa business plan people who can do only menial tasks, and nothing more. Yet, there is a great danger even here.
We cannot always trust the judgment of the show my homework meridian school who says that this do my essay for me uk that person is capable only of menial tasks, nor can we always know another person well enough to say what the scope of his or her capabilities for thought might be.
So even a charitable interpretation of his views of slavery and women is elusive. Motion is not merely a change of place. It can also include processes of change in quality and quantity a For example, the growth of a plant from rhizome to flower quantity is a show my homework meridian school of motion, even though the flower does not have any obvious lateral change of place.
The change of a light skin-tone to bronze via sun tanning is a qualitative motion. In any case, the thing in motion is not yet what it is becoming, but it is becoming, and is thus actually a potentiality qua potentiality.
The light skin is not yet sun tanned, but is becoming sun tanned. This process of becoming is actual, that is that the body is potentially tanned, and is actually in the process of this potentiality. So, motion is the actuality of the potentiality of a being, in the very way that it is a potentiality. There could not have been a time with no motion, whatever is moved is moved by itself or by another.
Rest is simply a privation of motion. Thus, if there were a time without motion, then essay rationale of the study existed—which had the power to cause motion in other beings—would have been at rest.
If so, then it at some point had to have been in motion since rest is the privation of motion a Motion, then, is eternal. What moves the cosmos?
This must be the unmoved mover, or God, but God does not move the cosmos as an efficient cause, but as a show my homework meridian school cause. That is, since all natural beings are telic, they must move toward perfection. What is the perfection of the cosmos? It must be eternal, perfectly circular motion. It moves towards divinity. Thus, the unmoved mover causes the cosmos to move toward its own perfection.
It is also arguably his most difficult work, which is due to its show my homework meridian school renggaadikarya77423.000webhostapp.com This work explores the question of what being as being is, and seeks knowledge of first causes aitiai and principles archai. First causes and principles are indemonstrable, but all demonstrations proceed from them.
They are something like the foundation of a building. The foundation rests upon nothing else, but everything else rests upon it. Likewise, we can reason our way up or down to the first principles and causes, but our reasoning and ability to know ends there. Thus, we are dealing with an inherently difficult and murky subject, but once knowledge of this subject is show my homework meridian school, there is wisdom Metaphysics a5.
So, if philosophy is a constant pursuit of wisdom for Plato, Aristotle believed that the attainment of The importance of nutrition and exercise essay is possible.
Aristotle says that there are many ways in which something is said to be Meta. We can talk about the substance or show my homework meridian school ousia of a thing what that thing essentially isquality the shirt is redquantity there are many people hereaction he is walkingpassion he is laughingrelation A is to B as B is to Cplace she is in the roomshow my homework meridian school it is noonand so on. We notice in each of these categories that being is at play.
Thus, being considered qua being cannot be restricted to any one of the categories but cuts across all of them. So what is being or substance? The form of a thing makes it show my homework meridian school, rather than its matter, since things with relatively the same form can have different matter metal baseball bats and wooden baseball bats are both baseball bats.
Here, we are really getting at the essence of something. Since nothing is what it is outside of matter—there is no form by itself, just as there is no pure matter by itself—the essence of anything, its very being, is its being as a whole. No particular being is identical with its quality, quantity, position in space, or any other incidental features. The Metaphysics then arrives at a similar end as does the Physics, with the first mover.
But, in the Metaphysics, we are not primarily concerned with the motion of physical beings but with the being of all beings. This being, God, is pure actuality, with no mixture of any potentiality at all. In short, it is pure being, and is always being itself in completion. Thinking is the purest of activities, according to Aristotle. God is always thinking. In fact, God cannot do otherwise than think. God is literally thought thinking thought b Since God is thinking, and thinking is identical with its object, which is thought, God is the eternal activity of thinking.
Although the Academy and the Lyceum could be considered in a thorough investigation into Hellenistic philosophy, scholars usually focus upon the Epicureans, Cynics, Stoics, and Skeptics.
Hellenistic philosophy is traditionally divided into three fields of study: Physics involved a study of nature ieshimacountryclub.net logic was broadly enough construed to include not only the rules of what we today consider to be logic but also epistemology and even linguistics.
Epicureanism Epicurus B. Otherwise, we depend in large part upon the Epicurean Lucretius and his work On the Nature of Things, especially in order to understand Epicurean physics, which was essentially materialistic.
The goal of all true understanding for Epicurus, which must involve an understanding of physics, was tranquility. Physics Epicurus and his ieshimacountryclub.net were atomists and accordingly thought that there is nothing but atoms and void.
Moreover, these atoms are always in motion, and will remain in motion in the void until something can offer enough resistance to stop an atom in motion. For Democritus, atoms move according to the laws of necessity, but for Epicurus, atoms sometimes swerve, or venture away from their typical course, and this is due to chance.
Chance allows room for free will Lucretius 2. Epicureans seem to take for granted that there is freedom of the will, and then apply that assumption to their physics. That is, there seems to be free will, so Epicureans then posit a physical explanation for it.
The goal of the good life is tranquility ataraxia. One achieves tranquility by seeking pleasure hedonebut not just any pleasure will suffice. The primary sort of pleasure is the simplicity of being free from pain and fear, but even here, we should not seek to be free from every sort of pain. We should pursue some painful things if we know that doing so will render greater pleasure in the end DL X.
Indeed, he recommends a plain life, saying that the most enjoyment of luxury comes to those who need luxury least DL X. Once we habituate ourselves to show my homework meridian school plain foods, for example, we show my homework meridian school eliminate the pain of missing fancy foods, and we can enjoy the simplicity of bread and show my homework meridian school DL X. Epicurus explicitly denies that sensual pleasures constitute the best life and argues that the life of reason—which includes the removal of erroneous beliefs that cause us pain—will bring us peace and tranquility DL X.
The sorts of beliefs that produce pain and anxiety for us are primarily two: Most people, according to Epicurus, have mistaken conceptions about the gods, and are therefore impious DL X. Similar to Xenophanes, Epicurus would encourage us not to anthropomorphize the gods and to think only what is fitting for the most blessed and eternal beings.
We are not thinking clearly when we think that the gods get angry with us or care at all about our show my homework meridian school affairs. It is not befitting of an eternal and blessed being to become angry over or involved in the affairs of mortals.
Yet, perhaps Epicurus is anthropomorphizing here. The argument seems to rely upon his argument that tranquility is our greatest pleasure and upon the assumption that the gods must experience that pleasure. On the other hand, one could read Epicurus as a sort of proto-negative theologian who merely suggests that it is unreasonable to believe that gods, the best of beings, feel pain at show my homework meridian school.
One might wonder proofread by anthropomorphizing is avoidable at all. The key here is the first premise that good and evil apply only to show my homework meridian school beings. We recall that, for Epicurus, we are thoroughly material beings. Both mind and soul are part of the human body, and the human body is nothing if not sentient.
Therefore, when the body dies, so too does the mind and soul, and so too does sentience. This means that death is literally nothing to us. The terror that we feel about death now will vanish once we die. Thus, it is better to be free from the fear of death now. When we rid ourselves of the fear of death, and the hope of immortality that how to get lots of homework done in one night that fear, we can enjoy the preciousness of our mortality DL X.
The Cynics The Cynicsshow my homework meridian school the Epicureans, were not properly a philosophical school. While there are identifiable characteristics of cynical thought, they had no central doctrine or tenets. It was a disparate movement, with varying interpretations on what constituted a Cynic.
This interpretative freedom accords well with one of the characteristics that typified ancient Cynicism—a radical freedom from societal and cultural standards. The Cynics favored instead a life lived according to nature.
The first of the Dogs, Antisthenes c. Yet, it was Diogenes of Sinope c. Thus, Diogenes wore but a show my homework meridian school, rough cloak all year round, accustomed himself to withstand both heat and cold, ate but a meager diet, and most sensationally, openly mocked everyday Greek life. He was show my homework meridian school at a dinner party where the attendants were throwing bones at him as though he were a dog.
One needs very little to be happy. This all seems a response to the cold fact that much of human life and circumstance is out of our control.
One might wonder what drives the ascetic practice for any sort of luck. Is it that cvsu thesis format see that moving from one superficial pleasure to the next is ultimately unfulfilling?
Or, is the practice itself driven by a sort of fear, an emotion that the Cynic means to quell? That is, one might read the asceticism of the Cynic as a futile attempt to deny the truth of show my homework meridian school fragility; for example, at any moment the things I enjoy can vanish, so I should avoid enjoying those things. On the other hand, perhaps the asceticism of the Cynic is an affirmation of this fragility.
The Stoics Stoicism evolved from Cynicism, but was more doctrinally focused and organized. While the Cynics largely ignored typical fields of study, the Stoics embraced physics, logic, and ethics, making strides especially in logic.
Zeno of Citium c. This was the show my homework meridian school of a show my homework meridian school and powerful tradition, which lasted into the imperial era. Indeed, one of the show my homework meridian school famous of stoic ethicists was the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius C. Physics As Sat essay topics 2017 Hadot has shown, the Stoics show my homework meridian school physics in order better to understand their own lives, and to live better lives: Like the Cynics, the Stoics strove to live in accordance with nature, and so a rigorous study of nature allowed them to do so all the more effectively.
The Stoics were materialists, though not thoroughgoing materialists as the Epicureans were. Since we are part of this universe, our lives, too, are causally determined, and everything in the universe is teleologically oriented towards its rational fulfillment. Diogenes Laertius reports that the Stoics saw matter as passive and logos god as active, and that god runs through all of the matter as its organizing principle DL VII. This divinity is most apparent in us via our ability to reason.
At any rate, the universe is, as the name implies, a unity, and it is divine. Epistemology The knowledge we have of the world comes to us directly through our senses and impresses itself upon the blank slate of our minds. The naked information that comes to us via the senses allows us to know ieshimacountryclub.net is correct.
Ethics Stoic ethics urges us to be rid of our desires and aversions, especially where these desires and aversions are not in accord with nature. For instance, death is natural. To be averse to death will bring misery. Some things are up to us and some are not up to us. Our opinions, and our ieshimacountryclub.net desires, aversions—in show my homework meridian school, whatever is our own show my homework meridian school.
Our bodies are not up to us, nor are our possessions, our reputations, or our show my homework meridian school offices, or, that is, whatever is not our own doing. The things that are up to us are Higham st john’s homework yours, and that what is not your own is…not your own, then no one will ever coerce you, no one will hinder you, you will blame no one, you will have no enemies, and no one will harm you, because you will not be harmed at all.
This passage might be shocking to us today when, especially in the United States, many of the things that Epictetus tells us to avoid are what we are told to pursue. We therefore might wonder why our bodies, possessions, reputations, wealth, or jobs are not in our control. For Epictetus, it is simple.
Possessions come and go—they can be destroyed, lost, stolen, and so forth. Reputations are determined by others, and it is reasonable to believe that even the best people will be hated by some, and even the worst people will be loved by some. Try as we might, we might never gain wealth, and even if we do, it can be lost, destroyed, or stolen. Again, public office, like reputation, is up to others to determine.
Just because, however, I live as Epictetus recommends, how can I be sure that I will never be harmed? Even if I fully grant that someone who, for instance, pushes me down a flight of stairs has committed his own wrong, and that his wrong actions are not in my control, will I not still feel pain?
Physical pain, for a Stoic, is not harm. The only real harm is when one harms oneself by doing evil, just as the only real good is living excellently and in accordance with reason. In this example, I would harm myself with the judgment that what happened to me was bad.
One might object here, as one might object to Cynicism, that stoic ethics ultimately demands a repression of what is most human about us. For the Stoic, being moved by others brings us away from tranquility. Stoic ethics risks removing our humanity from us in favor of its own notion of divinity.
Somewhat like the Cynics, each major Skeptic had his own take on Skepticism, and so it is difficult to lump them all under a tidy label. Also like the Cynics, however, there are certain characteristics that can be highlighted, despite differences between particular thinkers. Rather, the goal of their skepsis was tranquility and freedom from judgments, opinions, or absolute claims to knowledge.
Skepticism, broadly speaking, constituted a challenge to the possibility and nature of knowledge. Arcesilaus found the inspiration for his skepticism in the figure of Socrates. Arcesilaus would argue show my homework meridian school for and against any given position, ultimately showing that neither side of the argument can be trusted. He directed his skepticism primarily toward the Stoics and the empirical basis of their claims to knowledge.
We recall that, for the Stoics, a grasping of sense impressions in the proper way is the true foundation for knowledge.
The argument runs roughly as follows. For any given presentation of an object to the senses, we can imagine that something else could be presented to the senses in just the same way, such that the perceiver cannot distinguish show my homework meridian school the two objects being presented, which Arcesilaus thought the Stoics would grant.
It is possible, then, that the perceiver thinks one presentation is true and the other is false, but he has no way of essay ve tet holiday between either.
Again, like Arcesilaus, Carneades relied upon the show my homework meridian school skeptic tactic of presenting arguments both for and against the same thing and claiming that we cannot therefore claim that either side is correct. He wrote nothing, which is perhaps a sign of his extreme skepticism, that is if we cannot know anything, or cannot be sure whether knowledge is possible, then nothing can definitively be said, especially in writing.
Perhaps what most differentiates Pyrrhonian Skepticism from Academic Skepticism is the profound indifference that Pyrrhonian Skepticism is meant to generate. Diogenes Laertius relays the story that, when his master Anaxarchus had fallen into a swamp, Pyrrho simply passed him by, and was later praised by Anaxarchus for his show my homework meridian school indifference DL IX. The first mode argues that other animals sense things differently from human beings, and that we cannot therefore pretend to place any absolute value on the things sensed.
In the quoted example, then, the hemlock is clearly not in itself evil, but neither is it in itself good, but it is a matter of indifference. The remaining modes follow a similar pattern, highlighting relativity—whether cultural, personal, sensory, qualitative or quantitative—as evidence that we ought to suspend judgment.
That is, they do not adhere to any philosophical position, but use the tools of philosophy to gain a sense of simplicity and tranquility in show my homework meridian school, thereby ridding themselves of the need for philosophy.
By using dialectic, and opposing one argument to another, the Skeptic suspends judgment, and is not committed to any particular position. The Skeptic, In everything he did…was to limit himself to describing what he experienced, without adding anything about what things are or what they are worth. He was to be content to describe the sensory representations he had, and to enunciate the state of his sensory apparatus, without adding to it his opinion.
Hadot We might wonder just how practical such an approach to life would be. Can we flourish or thrive, effectively communicate, or find cures for diseases by merely describing our experience of the world? For example, antibiotics can help, show my homework meridian school often than not, to cure diseases born from certain bacteria.
Could we not say, for practical purposes, that we know this to be the case? We are show my homework meridian school, after all, ignorant of the fact that bacteria are becoming resistant rotten apple thesis certain antibiotics, but this does not mean that they do not work, or that we cannot someday find alternative cures for bacterial infections.
The Skeptic could reply in several ways, but the most effective reply to the example provided might go something like this: Medicine does not bring us knowledge, if knowledge is certainty. Medicine, and what it claims to know has, after all, changed significantly. The practice of medicine is just another way of describing the way certain bodies interact with other bodies in a given time and place. But the Skeptic would go further. The curing of a disease, he would say, is neither good nor bad.
Perhaps my disease is cured, and the next day, I am killed in some other way. If death is a matter of indifference, then the Guidelines for college admission essay for illnesses must be, too.
Again, we might essay ipl 2017 action.
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